Chernobyl disaster History

The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident. It occurred on 25–26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the now-abandoned town of Pripyat, in northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, approximately 104 km (65 mi) north of Kiev.[2]

The event occurred during a late-night safety test which simulated a station blackout power-failure, in the course of which safety systems were intentionally turned off. A combination of inherent reactor design flaws and the reactor operators arranging the core in a manner contrary to the checklist for the test, eventually resulted in uncontrolled reaction conditions. Water flashed into steam generating a destructive steam explosion and a subsequent open-air graphite fire.[note 1] This fire produced considerable updrafts for about nine days. These lofted plumes of fission products into the atmosphere. The estimated radioactive inventory that was released during this very hot fire phase approximately equaled in magnitude the airborne fission products released in the initial destructive explosion.[3] This radioactive material precipitated onto parts of the western USSR and Europe.

During the accident, steam-blast effects caused two deaths within the facility; one immediately after the explosion, and the other, compounded by a lethal dose of radiation. Over the coming days and weeks, 134 servicemen were hospitalized with acute radiation sickness(ARS), of which 28 firemen and employees died in the days-to-months afterward from the radiation effects.[4] In addition, approximately fourteen radiation induced cancer deaths among this group of 134 hospitalized survivors, were to follow within the next ten years (1996).[5] Among the wider population, an excess of 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths were documented as of 2011.[1][6] It will take further time and investigation to definitively determine the elevated relative risk of cancer among the surviving employees, those that were initially hospitalized with ARS and the population at large.[7]

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切尔诺贝利灾难，也称为切尔诺贝利事故，是一场灾难性的核事故。它于1986年4月25日至26日在苏联北部乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国普里皮亚季镇附近切尔诺贝利核电站的4号轻水石墨慢化反应堆中发生，大约104公里（65英里）基辅北部。[2]

该事件发生在深夜安全测试中，该测试模拟了车站停电停电，在此过程中有意关闭了安全系统。反应堆固有的设计缺陷和反应堆操作员按照与检查清单相反的方式布置堆芯，最终导致不受控制的反应条件。水闪蒸成蒸汽，产生破坏性的蒸汽爆炸，并随后出现露天石墨起火。[注1]这场大火在大约9天内产生了明显的上升气流。这些高耸的裂变产物羽流进入大气层。在这个非常热的火灾阶段释放的估计放射性存量大约等于在初始破坏性爆炸中释放的空中裂变产物的量。[3]这种放射性物质沉淀到苏联西部和欧洲的部分地区。

在事故期间，蒸汽爆炸的影响在该设施内造成两人死亡。一个在爆炸后立即发生，另一个则伴随致命剂量的辐射。在接下来的几天和几周内，有134名因急性放射病住院的军人住院，其中28名消防员和雇员在随后的数月之内因放射效应死亡。[4]此外，在接下来的十年中（1996年），将跟踪在这134名住院幸存的幸存者中，约有14例放射致癌死亡。[5]截至2011年，在更广泛的人群中，有15例儿童甲状腺癌的死亡记录。[1] [6]要确定在职员工，最初接受ARS住院治疗的员工和广大民众中患癌症的相对风险，这将需要更多时间和调查。[7]

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